English Poetry from Romantics to Moderns 1st Lecture. The main characteristics of Romantic Poetry الخصائص الرئيسية للشعر الرومانسي

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1 ANASF English Poetry from Romantics to Moderns 1st Lecture الشعر الرومانسي POETRY ROMANTIC The Romantic Movement in literature is one of the most influential literary movements. الحركة الرومانسية في األدب هي واحدة من الحركات األدبية األكثر تأثيرا. It covered the first half of the nineteenth century, but its influence can still be felt everywhere in literature. يغطي النصف األول من القرن التاسع عشر ولكن ال يزال نفوذها محسوس في كل مكان في األدب. The French Revolution with its ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity gave spark to the Romantic Movement. الثورة الفرنسية مع المثل العليا المتمثلة في الحرية والمساواة واإلخاء تعطى شرارة إلى الحركة الرومانسية. The main characteristics of Romantic Poetry الخصائص الرئيسية للشعر الرومانسي -1Romantic poetry shows a new faith in man with all his feelings, senses and all the sides of his experiences. الشعر الرومانسي يظهر اإليمان الجديد في رجل مع كل ما قدمه من الحواس والمشاعر وجميع االطراف لتجاربه. -2It rejected rational intellect as the only source of poetry and stressed imagination and intuition as the supreme faculties of the poet. رفض الفكر العقالني كمصدر وحيد للشعر وشدد على الخيال والحدس والكليات العليا للشاعر. -3 The poet of the Romantics was a man speaking to men, but he was endowed with some special insight into the nature of things. وكان الشاعر من الرومانسيون رجل يتحدث الى الرجال ولكن كان لديه بعض الرؤية 1

2 ANASF الخاصة في طبيعة األشياء -4Poetry to the Romantics is an expression of emotions inspired by the feelings of the individual poet. The Romantic poet is gifted with a strong organic sensibility. الشعرللرومانسيون هو تعبير عن المشاعر مستوحاة من مشاعر شاعر على حدة. موهوب لشاعر رومانسي مع حساسية "قوية العضوية" -5Al Romantic literature is subjective. It is an expression of the inner urges of the soul of the artist. It reflects the poet s own thoughts and feelings more than anything else. األدب الرومانسي ذاتي. وهو تعبير عن داخلية تحث روح الفنان. ويعكس أفكار الشاعر نفسه ومشاعره أكثر من أي شيء آخر -6Nature to the Romantics is regarded as something divine. It is something really living, something that has a soul and purpose; it can even share with the poet his joys and sorrows. تعتبر طبيعة للرومانسيون كشيء إلهي. هو شيء يعيش حقا الشيء الذي لديه روح وغرض بل يمكن أن تتقاسم حتى مع الشاعر أفراحه وأحزانه -7A common and recurrent theme in Romantic poetry is man in solitude or man with nature. They believed that the nature of man is best revealed when he is in solitude or in communion with nature. هناك موضوع مشترك ومتكررة في الشعر الرومانسي رجل في عزلة أو رجل مع الطبيعة. وأعربوا عن اعتقادهم أن يتم كشف أفضل لطبيعة الرجل عندما يكون في عزلة أو بالتواصل مع الطبيعة -8The Romantic poetry is anti- heroic in the sense that the subject of this poetry is common man, not heroes or men of high ranks. It also uses the language of ordinary people. الشعر الرومانسي يكافح البطولية بمعنى أن هذا موضوع الشعر هو الرجل العادي وليس األبطال أو فردا من ذوي الرتب العالية. كما أنه يستخدم لغة الناس العاديين. -9The Romantic is extraordinarily alive to the wonder, mystery and beauty of the universe. He feels the presence of unseen powers in nature. The supernatural has a special charm for him; he is attracted 2

3 ANASF by the stories of fairies, ghosts and witchcraft. الرومانسي على قيد الحياة غير عادي لغزا وعجب جمال الكون. انه يشعر وجود قوى غير مرئية في الطبيعة. خارق لديه سحر خاص بالنسبة له هو جذب انه من قصص األشباح الجنيات والسحر. -11Romantic poetry is individualistic; it stresses man s individuality. Man is usually presented alone. Every poet has his own individual personality which is rather different from the others. الشعر الرومانسي هو فردي ويؤكد الفردية للرجل. ويقدم عادة الرجل وحده. كل شاعر له شخصيته الفردية التي هي مختلفة بدال من اآلخرين -11Another predominant feature of the Romantic poetry is the sense of nostalgia for the past. هناك سمة أخرى المهيمن للشعر رومانسي هو الشعور بالحنين الى الماضي -12To a Romantic poet, the period of childhood was very important. The child is nearer to nature than the grown- up man and he gains wisdom from nature. Thus he loses his Natural wisdom. The child is father of the man, words worth says. إلى شاعر رومانسي وكانت فترة مهمة جدا في مرحلة الطفولة. الطفل هو أقرب للطبيعة من كبر الرجل ويكتسب حكمة من الطبيعة. وبالتالي فانه يفقد حكمته الطبيعية. "الطفل هو والد الرجل" كما يقول وردزورث. -13The Romantic poet sees the world through the eyes of a child. This is why Romantic poetry was described as poetry of wonder. الشاعر الرومانسي يرى العالم من خالل عيون طفل. هذا هو السبب في وصفه بالشعر الرومانسي والشعر من عجب. -14The Romantic poets were greatly affected by: وتأثر شعراء الرومانسية إلى حد كبير من قبل: A-The Industrial Revolution which caused changes in society that the Romantic poet could not cope with. So, he turned to nature for escape and that is why Romantic poets are sometimes described as escapists or dreamers. الثورة الصناعية التي تسبب التغيرات في المجتمع بأن الشاعر الرومانسي ال يمكن 3

4 ANASF التعامل معها. لذلك التفت هو إلى طبيعة للهروب وهذا هو السبب في وصف أحيانا شعراء الرومانسية كما escapists أو الحالمين. B-The French Revolution with its principles of freedom, equality and fraternity. الثورة الفرنسية مع مبادئ من الحرية والمساواة واإلخاء English Romanticism is thus both a revolt and a revival: it is a revolt against 18 th century traditions and conventions: it is a revival of old English masters of poetry. اإلنجليزية الرومانسية وهكذا كل من تمرد ونهضة: هو تمرد ضد تقاليد القرن 18 واالتفاقيات: وهو إحياء سادة اللغة اإلنجليزية القديمة من الشعر. الشروط االدبيه Literary Terms 1-Personification is giving inanimate objects or abstract ideas human qualities or actions; making non-human things appear as human. التجسيد يعطي الجماد أو األفكار المجردة الصفات اإلنسانية أو اإلجراءات وجعل الغير البشرية أمور تبدو وكأنها إنسان 2-Metaphor: a comparison between two objects for the purpose of describing one of them; a metaphor states that the one object is the other. المجاز: مقارنة بين كائنين لغرض وصف واحد منهم من االستعارة أن الكائن هو واحد من اآلخر 3- Alliteration: close repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. الجناس: تكرار وثيق من أصوات الحروف الساكنة في بداية الكلمات 4- Diction: an author s choice and use of words; his vocabulary. االلقاء: خيار للمؤلف واستخدام الكلمات مفرداته 5- Epic: an extended narrative poem, with heroic subject matter and theme, and exalted tone. الملحمة: قصيدة سردية طويلة مع موضوع البطولية ومواضيع وتعالى للهجة 4

5 ANASF 6- Rhyme: the use of words with similar sounds in poetry, usually but not always at the ends of lines. القافية: استخدام الكلمات مع أصوات مماثلة في الشعر وعادة ما ولكن ليس دائما في نهايات األسطر. 7- Stanza: a group of lines in a poem divided off from the others. Each stanza is usually the same number of lines in length. المقطع: مجموعة من الخطوط في قصيدة مقسمة الخروج من اآلخرين. كل مقطع عادة ما يكون على نفس العدد من خطوط الطول. William Blake ( ) The Little Black Boy 1 My mother bore me in the southern wild, 2 And I am black, but O! my soul is white; 3 White as an angel is the English child, 4 But I am black, as if bereav'd of light. 5 My mother taught me underneath a tree, 6 And sitting down before the heat of day, 7 She took me on her lap and kissed me, 8 And pointing to the east, began to say: 9 "Look on the rising sun: there God does live, 10 And gives his light, and gives his heat away; 11 And flowers and trees and beasts and men receive 12 Comfort in morning, joy in the noonday. 13 And we are put on earth a little space, 14 That we may learn to bear the beams of love; 15 And these black bodies and this sunburnt face 16 Is but a cloud, and like a shady grove. 17 For when our souls have learn'd the heat to bear, 18 The cloud will vanish; we shall hear his voice, 5

6 ANASF care, 19 Saying: 'Come out from the grove, my love and 20 And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice.' " 21 Thus did my mother say, and kissed me; 22 And thus I say to little English boy, 23 When I from black and he from white cloud free, 24 And round the tent of God like lambs we joy, 25 I'll shade him from the heat, till he can bear 26 To lean in joy upon our father's knee; 27 And then I'll stand and stroke his silver hair, 28 And be like him, and he will then love me. التعليقCommentary This is one of the Songs of Innocence. هذه هي واحدة من أغاني "البراءة" It was written by Blake as an attempt on his part to help in abolishing slave- trade. كتبت من قبل بليك بأنه محاولة من جانبه للمساعدة في القضاء على االتجار بالرقيق It is a plea against racial discrimination. إنه التماس ضد "التمييز العنصري". He believes that people are equal regardless of their color Despite of its political subject, Blake here makes use of two major ideas which are intermingled: يعتقد أن الناس متساوون بغض النظر عن لونهم وبالرغم من موضوعه السياسي هنا يجعل بليك استخدام اثنين من األفكار الرئيسية التي تختلط: A-The Idea that to be good needs an effort and those who suffer more are thought to be religiously better. فكرة أن تكون جيدة تحتاج إلى جهد وأولئك الذين يعانون ويعتقد أن أكثر من أن تكون أفضل من الناحية الدينية. 6

7 ANASF B-The Neo- Platonic idea that the soul is the essential of man; the essence (soul) of mankind is the same, but what differs is their bodies in which their souls are imprisoned. فكرة النيو افالطوني بإن الروح هي ضرورية لإلنسان والجوهر )الروح( للجنس البشري هو نفسه ولكن ما يختلف هو أجسادهم التي يتم فيها سجن نفوسهم Once it is set free (by the death of the body) it goes back to its divine origin which is God. عندما يتم تعيين الحرية )بسبب وفاة من الجسم( انه يعود الى أصله اإللهي الذي هو هللا The body whether black or white, is a colored cloud that will disappear one day, while the soul goes back to its creator. الجسم سواء أسود أو أبيض سحابة ملونة من شأنها أن تختفي يوما واحدا في حين أن الروح تعود إلى الخالق The Little Black Boy Summary A black child tells the story of how he came to know his own identity and to know God. طفل أسود يحكي قصة كيف انه جاء لمعرفة هويته ومعرفة هللا. The boy, who was born in the southern wild of Africa, first explains that though his skin is black his soul is as white as that of an English child. الصبي الذي ولد في "البرية في جنوب" ألفريقيا أوال ويوضح أنه على الرغم من بشرته سوداء روحه بيضاء كما أن طفل إنجليزي He relates how his loving mother taught him about God who lives in the East, who gives light and life to all creation and comfort and joy to men. يروي كيف أن والدته محبة علمته عن هللا - الذي يعيش في الشرق الذي يعطي الضوء والحياة لجميع الخلق والراحة والفرح على الرجال. 7

8 ANASF We are put on earth, his mother says, to learn to accept God s love. وضعنا على وجه األرض " وتقول والدته ليتعلم لقبول محبة هللا ROMANTIC POETRY He is told that his black skin is but a cloud that will be dissipated when his soul meets God in heaven. وقيل له إن بشرته السوداء "ليست سوى سحابة" سوف تتبدد أنه عندما تجتمع روحه هللا في السماء The black boy passes on this lesson to an English child, explaining that his white skin is likewise a cloud. الصبي األسود يمر على هذا الدرس لطفل إنجليزي موضحا أن بشرته البيضاء وبمثل السحابة He vows that when they are both free of their bodies and delighting in the presence of God, he will shade his white friend until he, too, learns to bear the heat of God s love. نذر أن عندما تكون خالية من كل من أجسادهم واالبتهاج في وجود هللا وانه سيظلل صديقه األبيض حتى أنه أيضا يتعلم أن يتحمل الحرارة لمحبة هللا Then, the black boy says, he will be like the English boy, and the English boy will love him. الصبي األسود يقول سوف يكون مثل الصبي اإلنجليزي والصبي اإلنجليزي سوف يحبه 8

9 ANASF English Poetry from Romantics to Moderns Instructor : Dr. Ibrahim Elshinnawy-2nd Lecture William Blake ( )-The Little Black Boy 1 My mother bore me in the southern wild, 2 And I am black, but O! my soul is white; 3 White as an angel is the English child, 4 But I am black, as if bereav'd of light. 5 My mother taught me underneath a tree, 6 And sitting down before the heat of day, 7 She took me on her lap and kissed me, 8 And pointing to the east, began to say: 9 "Look on the rising sun: there God does live, 10 And gives his light, and gives his heat away; 11 And flowers and trees and beasts and men receive 12 Comfort in morning, joy in the noonday. 1 حملت أمي لي في جنوب البرية وأنا أسود ولكن O! روحي بيضاء األبي المالك هو الطفل اإلنجليزي ولكن أنا أسود ما لو حرمت النور. أمى والجلوس أخذتنى تدرسني تحت تحت الشجرة قبل حرارة اليوم في حضنها وقبلتني وبدأت الفتا في الشرق يقول: "نظرة على الشمس المشرقة: هناك هللا يوجد حياة ويعطي الضوء له ويعطي الحرارة له بعيدا و تلقي الزهور واألشجار والحيوانات والرجال في صباح راحة وفرح في الظهر.

10 ANASF 13 And we are put on earth a little space, 14 That we may learn to bear the beams of love; 15 And these black bodies and this sunburnt face 16 Is but a cloud, and like a shady grove. 17 For when our souls have learn'd the heat to bear, 18 The cloud will vanish; we shall hear his voice, 19 Saying: 'Come out from the grove, my love and care, 20 And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice.' " 21 Thus did my mother say, and kissed me; 22 And thus I say to little English boy, 23 When I from black and he from white cloud free, 24 And round the tent of God like lambs we joy, 25 I'll shade him from the heat, till he can bear 26 To lean in joy upon our father's knee; 2 ونحن وضعنا على األرض قد تعلم أننا نتحمل أشعة الحب بمساحة صغيرة وهذه األجساد سوداء وهذا الوجه أحرقته الشمس هل السحابة ومثل بستان شادي. لنفوسنا وعندما learn'd الحرارة تحمل سوف تتالشى السحابة ونحن يجب سماع صوته القول: "اخرجوا من البستان حبي والرعاية والجولة خيمة ذهبيه تقول وهكذا لم مثل الحمالن نفرح ". والدتي لي وأقبلها وبالتالي أقول للصبي اإلنجليزي قليال متى أنا أسود وانه سحابة بيضاء خالية نفرح حول الخيمة مثل الحمالن سوف أظلل له من الحرارة حتى يتمكن من التحمل لنتعلم الفرح عند ر بة أبينا

11 ANASF 27 And then I'll stand and stroke his silver hair, 28 And be like him, and he will then love me. وبعد ذلك سوف أقف والسكتة الدماغية للشعر الفضى ويكون مثله وانه سوف يحبني. له Commentary This is one of the Songs of Innocence. هذا هو واحد من "أغاني البراءة". It was written by Blake as an attempt on his part to help in abolishing slave- trade. تبت من قبل بليك بأنه محاولة من جانبه للمساعدة في القضاء على االتجار بالرقيق. It is a plea against racial discrimination. إنه التماس ضد "التمييز العنصري". He believes that people are equal regardless of their color. يعتقد أن الناس متساوون بغ النظر عن لونهم. Despite of its political subject, Blake here makes use of two major ideas which are intermingled: بالرغم من الموضوع السياسي جعل بليك هنا استخدام الفكرتين الرئيستين التي تختلط: A-The Idea that to be good needs an effort and those who suffer more are thought to be religiously better. فكرة أن تكون جيدة تحتاج إلى جهد وأولئك الذين يعانون ويعتقد أ ثر أن يكون أفضل دينيا. B-The Neo- Platonic idea that the soul is the essential of man; the essence (soul) of mankind is the same, but what differs is their bodies in which their souls are imprisoned. فكرة النيو افالطوني بإن الروح ضروري لإلنسان جوهر )الروح( للبشرية هو نفسه 3

12 ANASF ولكن ما يختلف هو أجسادهم التي يتم فيها سجن نفوسهم. Once it is set free (by the death of the body) it goes back to its divine origin which is God. وبمجرد تعيينه مجانا )بسبب وفاة من الجسم( انه يعود الى أصله اإللهي الذي هو هللا. The body whether black or white, is a colored cloud that will disappear one day, while the soul goes back to its creator. إذا ان الجسم أسود أو أبي هي سحابة ملونة من شأنها أن تختفي ليوم واحد في حين أن الروح تعود إلى الخالق. The Little Black Boy-Summary ملخص - الصبي األسود الصغير - A black child tells the story of how he came to know his own identity and to know God. إنه طفل أسود يحكي قصة يف انه جاء ليتعرف هويته الخاصة ومعرفة هللا. The boy, who was born in the southern wild of Africa, first explains that though his skin is black his soul is as white as that of an English child. الولد الذي ولد في " جنوب البرية " في أفريقيا األول - يوضح أنه بالرغم من جلده أسود فروحه بيضاء ما الطفل اإلنجليزي. He relates how his loving mother taught him about God who lives in the East, who gives light and life to all creation and comfort and joy to men. هو مترابط بحبه لوالدته التى علمته عن هللا الذي يعيش في الشرق الذي يعطي النور والحياة لجميع الخلق والراحة والفرح للرجال. 4

13 ANASF We are put on earth, his mother says, to learn to accept God s love. تقول أمه وضعنا على األرض " نتعلم حبنا هلل. He is told that his black skin is but a cloud that will be dissipated when his soul meets God in heaven. وقيل له إن جلده األسود "ليست سوى سحابة" أن تبدد عندما يجمع هللا روحه في الجنة. The black boy passes on this lesson to an English child, explaining that his white skin is likewise a cloud. يمر الولد األسود بهذا الدرس للطفل اإلنجليزي موضحا أن جلده األبي هو أيضا السحابة. He vows that when they are both free of their bodies and delighting in the presence of God, he will shade his white friend until he, too, learns to bear the heat of God s love. الوعود عندما تكون خالية من ل الهيئات واالبتهاج لوجود هللا وقال انه سوف يظلل صديقه األبي أيضا ليتعلم تحمل حرارة محبة هللا. Then, the black boy says, he will be like the English boy, and the English boy will love him. ثم يقول الصبي األسود انه سيكون مثل الصبي اإلنجليزي والصبي اإلنجليزي سوف يحبه. A black boy compares himself to a white English boy, and at first finds himself wanting. 5

14 ANASF يقارن الصبي األسود نفسه بالصبي اإلنجليزي األبي ويجد نفسه في البداية يريد. He claims his soul is as white as the English boy s, but also sees himself as black as if bereav d of light. ويدعي روحه بيضاء مثل الصبي اإلنجليزي ولكن أيضا يرى نفسه بأنه "أسود ما لو_ من الضوء". He then remembers that his loving mother taught him that his black skin is a result of constant exposure to the sun. يتذ ر والدته المحبة علمته أن بشرته السوداء هو نتيجة التعرض المستمر ألشعة الشمس. The mother explains the sun as God s gift to mankind, sharing both His light and his heat, both of which are forms of His love. والدته تفسر الشمس ما هبة هللا للبشرية وتقاسم ل من له الضوء والحرارة له و الهما من أشكال محبته. His color, she explains, is a temporary cloud to be borne until he can fully learn to dwell in the presence of God s love. لونه وتشرح له مؤقت "السحابة" التي يجب أال تغيب حتى يتمكن من التعلم تماما إلى وجود محبة هللا The speaker ends by saying he will tell the English boy this truth and look forward to the day when both of 6

15 ANASF them have put off this cloud and can love one another truly. والكالم النهائى بالقول انه الصبي اإلنجليزي سيقول الحقيقة ويتطلع إلى اليوم الذي جميعهم قبالة هذه السحابة يحبون بعضهم البع حقا. تحليل Analysis- "The Little Black Boy" consists of seven heroic stanzas, which are quatrains following the ABAB rhyme scheme. "ليتل بالك "BOV تتكون من سبعة مقاطع بطولية والتي هي رباعيات في أعقاب مخطط القافية.ABAB The first two stanzas describe the boy's mother and the influence she has had on his life. أول اثنين للمقاطع تصف والدة الصبي و انت لديها تأثير على حياته. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas recall the mother's exact words in her lessons to her son. المقاطع الثالث الرابع والخامس تذ ر األم بالضبط لمات دقيقه في الدروس إلى ابنها The final two stanzas describe how the black boy communicates his lesson to the white English boy for whom he has a great affection. المقطعين األخيرين توصف يف أن الصبي األسود أتصاله بدرس الصبي األبي اإلنجليزي الذي يكن له مودة بيرة. Stanzas one and two describe the past; stanzas three, four, and five recall the mother's words as if they were being spoken in the present; the sixth and seventh stanzas include the black boy's words, which he will say to the English boy in the future. المقاطع الشعرية واحد واثنين تصف الماضي والمقاطع ثالثة أربعة وخمسة يتذ ر لمات أمه ما لو ان يتحدث بها في الوقت الحاضر والمقاطع السادس والسابع 7

16 ANASF تتضمن لمات الصبي األسود والذي هو "سيقول" إلى الصبي اإلنجليزي في المستقبل. Thus, the poem itself progresses in time from a past (learning), to the present (the lesson itself) and to the future (the implementation or practical outworking of the lesson). وهكذا فإن القصيدة نفسها تقدم في الوقت الماضي )التعلم( وحتى الوقت الحاضر )الدرس نفسه( والمستقبل )التنفيذ أو العمل الظاهري العملي للدرس(. Hints of anti-slavery sentiment and an opposition to racism occur in this poem, but they are not the main message. تلميحات من المشاعر المناهضة للعبودية والمعارضة للعنصرية تحدث في هذه القصيدة ولكنها ليست الرسالة األساسية. The equality of human beings is, however, emphasized by the poem in its depiction of God creating the world as an act of divine mercy, giving the sun to shine upon and warm all people everywhere as a preparation for the light and heat of His love المساواة بين البشر تؤ د من قبل القصيدة في تصويره لخلق هللا للعالم ما فعل الرحمة اإللهية وإعطاء الشمس لتشرق وتدفئ ل الناس في ل مكان باعتبارها استعدادا للضوء والحرارة لمحبته Form The poem is in heroic quatrains, which are stanzas of pentameter lines rhyming ABAB..ABAB القصيدة هي من الرباعيات البطولية التي المقاطع خطوط خماسيه التفاعيل The form is a variation on the ballad stanza, and the slightly longer lines are well suited to the pedagogical tone of this poem النموذج هو أختالف لمقطع أغنية ما أنها مناسبة لخطوط أطول قليال للهجة التربوية لهذه القصيدة 8

17 ANASF التعليق Commentary- This poem centers on a spiritual awakening to a divine love that transcends race. هذه القصيدة على مرا ز اليقظة الروحية التي تسمو على حب تخمين السباق. The speaker is an African child who has to come to terms with his own blackness. المتكلم هو صبي أفريقي الذي هو وصف لسواد نفسه. Blake builds the poem on clear imagery of light and dark. يبني بليك قصيدة لصوره واضحة للضوء والظالم. The contrast in the first stanza between the child s black skin and his belief in the whiteness of his soul lends poignancy to his particular problem of self-understanding. يضفي التناق في المقطع الشعري األول بين جلد الطفل األسود واعتقاده في بياض روحه اعار عاطفة مشكلته خاصة والتفاهم الذاتي. The child s mother symbolizes a natural and selfless love that becomes the poem s ideal. ترمز والدة الطفل الى الطبيعة ونكران حب الذات التي تصبح مثالية في القصيدة. She shows a tender concern for her child s self-esteem, as well as a strong desire that he knows the comfort of God. إنها تظهر قلق مناقصة أحترام ذات طفلها و ذلك رغبة قوية انه يعرف الراحة من هللا She persuades him, according to conventional Christian doctrine that earthly life is but a preparation for the rewards of heaven. أنها تقنع به وفقا للعقيدة المسيحية التقليدية أن الحياة الدنيوية ما هو إال تمهيدا لثمار الجنة. 9

18 ANASF In this context, their dark skin is similarly but a temporary appearance, with no bearing on their eternal essence: skin, which is a factor only in this earthly life, becomes irrelevant from the perspective of heaven. في هذا السياق بشرتهم الدا نة هي بالمثل مظهر مؤقت مع عدم تأثير على جوهرها األبدي: الجلد وهي العامل الوحيد لهذه الحياة الدنيوية ويصبح غير ذي صلة من منظور السماء The black boy internalizes his mother s lesson and applies it in his relations with the outer world; specifically, Blake shows us what happens when the boy applies it to his relationship with a white child. أضافت الصفة على الولد األسود درس والدته وتطبق عليه في عالقاته مع العالم الخارجي تحديدا بين بليك لنا ما حدث عندما الصبي طبق على عالقته مع الطفل األبي. The results are ambivalent. انت النتائج متناقضة. The boy explains to his white friend that they are equals, but that neither will be truly free until they are released from the constraints of the physical world. يشرح الولد لصديقه االبي التساوي ولكن هذا ال يكون حرا حقا حتى يتم اطالق سراحهم من قيود العالم الفيزيائي. He imagines himself shading his friend from the brightness of God s love until he can become accustomed to it. يتخيل نفسه التظليل لصديقه من سطوع محبة هللا حتى يعتاد ان يفعل ذلك. This statement implies that the black boy is better prepared for heaven than the white boy, perhaps because of the greater burden of his dark skin has posed during earthly life. 10

19 ANASF هذا البيان يعني ضمنا للصبي األسود إلعداد أفضل للجنه أ ثر بسبب زيادة سواد جلده طرح خالل الحياة الدنيوية. ربما األبي الصبي من Model Questions 1- The Little Black Boy was written by. الصبي الصغير األسود هو... A- Wordsworth B- Byron C- Blake D- Shelly The correct answer is (B) Blake 2- Blake believes that people are.. بليك أن الناس... A- equal B- unequal C-lazy D- brave The correct answer is (a) اتب أعتقد 11

20 المحاضرة الثالثة : الشعر االنجليزي William Blake ( ) The Tiger الشاعر The Poet عنوان القصيدة The title of the poem النمر William Blake, English poet, printmaker, and painter, is known now as one of the most prominent figures of the Romantic Age for his poetry and visual arts. Fairly unknown during his lifetime, Blake has now become an iconic figure. The Tiger is one of Blake s best known and rich songs. This poem is included in Blake s Songs of Experiences. وليام بليك شاعر إنجليزي صانع المطبوعة ورسام باعتباره واحد من أبرز الشخصيات للعصر الرومانسي لشعره والفنون البصرية. خالل حياته غير معروف إلى حد ما اآلن أصبح بليك كشخصية كمبدع. أحد أغاني بليك الشهيرة والغنية هي النمر. تتضمن قصيدة بليك "تجارب األغاني"

21 1 It has two levels of understanding على السطح يصور صورة نمر مقارنة بحرق النار في الليل. هنالك مستويين من الفهم On the surface, it portrays an image of a tiger which is compared to a fire burning at night. 2 But on a deeper level, the tiger here is an embodiment of God s creative ability. The poem is more about the creator of the tiger than it is about the tiger itself. ولكن على مستوى أعمق النمر هنا هو تجسيد لقدرة خلق اهلل القصيدة هي أكثر من خالق النمر مما هو عليه عن النمر نفسه. The Tiger presents a question that embodies the central theme: Who created the tiger? Was it the kind and loving God who made the lamb? Or was it Satan? Blake presents his question in Lines 3 and 4 "النمر "يعرض سؤال يجسد الموضوع األساسي :من الذي خلق النمر بليك يعرض سؤاله في الخطوط 3 و 4 What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? ما الخالد اليد أو العين هل يمكن وضع خوفا أطار لتماثل خاصتك Blake realizes, of course, that God made all the creatures on earth. However, to express his bewilderment that the God who created the gentle lamb also created the terrifying tiger, he includes Satan as a possible creator while raising his rhetorical questions, notably the one he asks in Lines 5 and 6: بطبيعة الحال يدرك بليك أن اهلل خلق جميع المخلوقات على وجه األرض. ومع ذلك للتعبير عن حيرته في أن اهلل الذي خلق حمل لطيف أيضا خلق نمر مرعب وأيضا -ضم الشيطان من الخالق المبدع في أسئلته البالغية وأحد يسأل في خطوط 5 و 6

22 In what distant deeps or skies burnt the fire of thy eyes? Deeps appear to refer to hell and skies to heaven In either case, there would be fire--the fire of hell or the fire of the stars The tiger is the exact opposite of the "little lamb The lamb is a young and innocent creature; where the tiger is full of experience. Those two animals are polar opposites; however, both are animals that Blake felt could reflect human history and thought. Blake's belief in the Christian God is seemingly unarguable The tiger is an image of the wrath of life and God. The tiger kills for food and is untamable; where the lamb is gentle and innocent The creator, God in this case, created both the Lamb and the Tiger This creation allowed the natural order of balance in the world that the romantics came to know and worship. The Tiger" contains only six stanzas, and each stanza is four lines long. The first and last stanzas are the same, except for one word change: "could" becomes "dare." في أعماق بعيدة أو ما السماء أحرقت النار من عينيك األعماق تبدو لإلشارة إلى الجحيم والسماء إلى الجنة.وفي كلتا الحالتين سيكون هناك نار- نار من الجحيم أو نار من النجوم. النمر هو عكس ذلك تماما من" اللحم قليال." الحمل هو مخلوق من الشباب واألبرياء حيث النمر هو كامل الخبرة. تلك الحيوانات القطبية أضداد ولكن كالهما حيوانات شعر بليك عكس التاريخ البشري والفكر. أعتقد بليك أن اإلله المسيحي هو غير قابل للنقاش النمر هو صورة لغضب الحياة. ويقتل النمر للطعام وللترويض حيث الحمل لطيف وبرئ الخالق اهلل خلق كل من الحمل والنمر. يسمح هذا الخلق النظام الطبيعي للتوازن في العالم و جاء الرومانسيون للمعرفة والعبادة. "النمر "تحتوي على ستة مقاطع فقط وكل مقطع يتكون من أربعة خطوط طويلة. المقطع األول واألخير هي نفسها باستثناء تغيير كلمة واحدة " dare " تصبح could "

23 The first stanza المقطع الشعري األول The next two stanzas المقطعين المقبلين The fourth stanza المقطع الرابع The last two lines of the fifth stanza opens the central question: "What immortal hand or eye, / could frame thy fearful symmetry?" The creation of the tiger s eyes is described next. The poet questions where deep below the earth or high in the heavens did the wild fire which is now contained in the tiger s eyes used to burn. describe the creation of the heart and then the brain of the tiger. Blake is intimidated by the strength and art which must have been required to build the muscles of the tiger s hard heart compares god to a blacksmith, who used a hammer, a chain and an anvil to furnish the brain of the tiger. are enough to summarize the entire central idea of the poem. The poet wonders whether the same creator who created the meek and docile lamb, was the one to create the ferocious and deadly tiger is a repetition of the first, with the exception of one crucial word. Where before Blake had been wondering who could create such a being يفتح سؤال رئيسي ":ما يد الخالد أو العين / هل يمكن وضع خوفا أطار لتماثل خاصتك " وصف خلق عيون النمر أسئلة القصيدة حيث عمق كبير لألرض أو عالية في السماء فإن النار البرية اآلن تحتوى عيون النمر لتحرق. وصف خلق قلب ودماغ النمر.ورهبة بليك للقوة والفن الذي يجب أن يكون لبناء عضالت قلب النمر يقارن خلق الخالق بالحداد الذي يستعمل المطرقة واهلل شكل وزود دماغ النمر هي كافية لتلخيص فكرة كاملة لوسط القصيدة. يتساءل الشاعر عن الخالق نفسه الذي خلق الحمل الوديع أيضا خلق النمر الشرس هو تكرار لألولى مع استثناء واحد للكلمة الحاسمة.حيث من قبل بليك قد تساءل من الذي خلق مثل هذا الكائن أخر سطرين من المقطع الشعري الخامس The sixth and last stanza المقطع السادس واألخير

24 Another interpretation of the poem could be the focus on the balance in the universe. If there is good, there is also bad; if there is life, there is also death; if there is light, there is also darkness. This is the dichotomy of creation; God has created the world in such a way that it balances itself, as can be gleaned from his creation of the tiger to balance the docile lamb تفسير آخر للقصيدة ليكون التركيز على التوازن في الكون.إذا كان هناك جيد أيضا هناك أمر سيء هناك حياة أيضا هناك الموت إذا كان هناك ضوء هناك أيضا ظالم.هذا هو انقسام للخلق خلق اهلل العالم بطريقة للتوازن كما يمكن استخالصها من خلقه للنمر لتحقيق توازن للحمل إذا Form تتألف القصيدة من ستة رباعيات (مقاطع) كل من أربعة أسطر.مخطط القافية هو AABB شكل The poem is comprised of six quatrains (stanzas), each of four lines. The rhyme scheme is aabb.

25 Examples of Figures of Speech and Allusions أمثلة على أرقام وإشارات الكالم Alliteration الجناس Metaphor االستعارة Anaphora الجناس Allusion Tiger, tiger, burning bright (line 1); frame thy fearful symmetry? Comparison of the tiger and his eyes to fire Repetition of what at the beginning of sentences or clauses. Example: What dread hand and what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain? Immortal hand or eye: God or Satan Distant deeps or skies: hell or heaven النمر النمر وحرق مشرق (الخط) 1 التماثل خاصتك إلطار خوفا مقارنة بين النمر وعينيه إلطالق النار. تكرار ما في بداية الجمل أو الفقرات. مثال ماذا ناحية الرهبة والفزع ما- القدم ما المطرقة ما السلسلة يد الخالد أو العين األعماق بعيدة أو السماء : الجنة أو الجحيم إشارة نهاية المحاضرة الثالثة

26 المحاضرة الرابعة: Wordsworth (1804) "Daffodils" الشاعر The Poet عنوان القصيدة The title of the poem أزهار النرجس البري William Wordsworth ( ) was a Romantic poet and a major influence in bringing about the 18th centuries Romantic Age of Literature. An original poet for many different artistic qualities, his personality and emotional intelligence had made him the perfect forefather for a literary movement that would resound philosophically and poetically to this day. ويليام واردسوارث ) ( كان شاعر رومانسي ومؤثر رئيسي في إحضارة في القرن ال 05 عشر العصر الرومانسي للشعر.الشاعر األصلي متعدد المهارات الفنية,شخصيته وذكائه العاطفي جعله مثالي جدا لحركة الشعر الرومانسي وصداه الفلسفي والشعري إلى يومنا هذا Romanticism, defined by it predisposition towards nature and its deep emotional connection with the feelings of the poet, is what makes William Wordsworth s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud such a perfect example of Romantic poetry. الرومانسيون, يعرفون بنزعتهم نحو الطبيعة االتصال العاطفي مع مشاعر الشاعر,هو الذي جعل ويليام وارسوريث "تعجبت لوحدي كسحابة" كمثال كامل للشعر الرومانسي

27 Title and Theme of the Poem 'Daffodils' عنوان وموضوع قصيدة" النرجس" The title, 'Daffodils' is a simple word that reminds us about the arrival of the spring season, when the field is full of daffodils. Daffodils are yellow flowers, having an amazing shape and beautiful fragrance. A bunch of daffodils symbolize the joys and happiness of life. العنوان,"أزهار النرجس البري" بسيطة تذكرنا بقدوم فصل الربيع, عندما يكون الحقل مليء بأزهار النرجس النرجس هي زهور صفراء,شكلها جذاب وعطرها جميل حفنة من أزهار النرجس البري رمزا لألفراح والسعادة في الحياة The theme of the poem 'Daffodils' موضوع قصيدة "أزهار النرجس تجمع المشاعر البشرية تلهم بواسطة الطبيعة والتي قد تكون أهملت بسبب حياتنا المزدحمة والنرجس يعني بداية والدة جديدة لإلنسان والمباركة مع نعمة الطبيعة موضوع قصيدة "النرجس" Is a collection of human emotions inspired by nature that we may have neglected due to our busy lives? The daffodils imply beginning or rebirth for human beings, blessed with the grace of nature. The poem 'Daffodils' is also known by the title 'I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud', a lyrical poem written by William Wordsworth in It was published in 1815 in 'Collected Poems' with four stanzas. William Wordsworth is a well-known romantic poet who believed in conveying simple and creative expressions through his poems. القصيدة "أزهار النرجس البري" معروفة أيضا بعنوان "أتعجب لوحدي كسحابة" قصيدة قيثارية ك تبت بواسطة ويليام وردزورث في 4081 ن شرت في 4141 في القصائد الم جمعة بأربعة موشحات ويليام وردزورت معروف جيدا شاعر رومانسي يؤمن بنقل التعابير البسيطة واإلبداعية خالل قصائده.

28 Thus, Daffodils is one of the most popular poems of the Romantic Age, unfolding the poet's excitement, love and praise for a field blossoming with daffodils. وهكذا أزهار النرجس البري هي واحدة من القصائد األكثر شعبية من عصر الرومانسية تتكشف اإلثارة الشاعر والحب والثناء في أزدهار أزهار النرجس البري In the first stanza, the poet tells us about a beautiful experience that took place in his life, and still has its positive effect on him. Once he was wandering alone like an aimless cloud flying over the valleys and the hills. Suddenly, he saw a group of beautiful yellow flowers beside a lake, under the trees. These golden flowers were tossing their heads as if they were dancing in the breeze. الشاعر يخبرنا عن تجربة جميلة التي أخذت مكانا في حياته,وتأثريها اإليجابي علية مرة كان يتجول لوحده مثل سحابة تطير بال هدف تحلق فوق الوديان والتالل. فجاءه, رأى مجموعة من الزهور الصفراء الجميلة بجانب البحيرة تحت األشجار.هذه زهور ذهبية تهز رؤؤسها وكأنها ترقص في النسيم. الشاعر أكد على عدد كبير من أزهار النرجس الذهبية. كانوا كثيرين و مضيئين مثل النجوم المتأللئة في السماء. كانت كثيرة جدا في عددها. على خط ال نهاية له على طول حافة الخليج. رأى عشرة آالف منهم في لمحة واحدة. كانوا يرقصون بسعادة وحيوية في المقطع األول In the second stanza في المقطع الثاني the poet stresses the great number of these golden daffodils. They were as numerous and shining as the stars that twinkled in the sky. They were too many to be counted. They stretched in an endless line along the edge of bay. He saw ten thousands of them at one glance. They were dancing happily and lively.

29 In the third stanza the poet is comparing the daffodils with the waves the lake/ bay beside them. The waves shared the daffodils their happiness, but the latter were much happier. الشاعر يقارن أزهار النرجس البري مع أمواج البحيرة /الخليج بجانبها, األمواج تشارك أزهار النرجس فرحها, ولكن القادم سيكون أكثر سعادة الشاعر أكد الموضوع للقصيدة التأثير األبدي للطبيعة, باستجابته هنا بأزهار النرجس الذهبية على الرجل. يقول : عندما أتمدد على سريري,م نزعج أو رعاية حر, دائما أتذكر ضوء أزهار النرجس الجميل, أعيش نفس الحالة, وقلبي مليء بالسعادة في المقطع الثالث In the fourth stanza في المقطع الرابع the poet stresses the theme of the poem which is the everlasting effect of Nature, represented here by the golden daffodils, on man. He says: when I lie on my bed, obsessed or care free, I always remember the beautiful sight of the daffodils, lived in the same situation, and my heart filled with happiness Commentary التعليق The poem is about the everlasting effect of nature on man: the influence of nature exceeds the limits of a situation and goes far beyond that. In this poem, the poet saw a group of beautiful, yellow flowers, and he was attracted by their beauty. After leaving the scene and returning back to his ordinary life, he recollected the beautiful sight of the flowers and lived in the same situation again, which filled him with happiness. القصيدة حول التأثير األبدي للطبيعة على اإلنسان : تأثير الطبيعة يتجاوز الحدود للحالة ويذهب إلى ما هو أبعد من ذلك في هذه القصيدة,الشاعر رأى مجموعة من الزهور الصفراء الجميلة, ورأى جاذبية جمالها بعد تركة للمشهد وعاد إلى حياته االعتيادية.تذكر جمال رؤية الزهور وحياتها في نفس الحالة مرة أخرى,التي مألته بالسعادة

30 Form "أزهار النرجس" القصيدة لديها خطة قافية طوال الشكل The 'Daffodils' has a rhyming scheme throughout the poem The four six-line stanzas of this poem follow a quatrain-couplet rhyme scheme: ABABCC. والستة سطور تتبع الر باعية القافية الث نائية لهذه القصيدة ABABCC نهاية المحاضرة الرابعة : Fahad almutairi

31 المحاضرة الخامسة : الشعر االنجليزي Wordsworth (1804) "Daffodils" الشاعر The Poet عنوان القصيدة The title of the poem النرجس Wordsworth s theory of poetic creation إبداع شعري لنظرية وردزورث The daffodil also illustrates Wordsworth s theory of poetic creation Wordsworth did not write poetry about the emotion being felt at the time of writing. According to him, a poem is the expression of an emotion recollected in tranquility. He saw the daffodils in 1802 and must have often sought solace in recollecting them in his imagination in hour of weariness. أيضا توضح نظرية وردزورث للنرجس األبداع الشعري. لم ال يكتب وردزورث الشعر كعاطفة محسوسة في وقت الكتابة ووفقا له القصيدة هي للتعبير عن المشاعر' متذكرا في هدوء." رأى النرجس في عام 1802 وكثير من األحيان متذكرا للعزاء في خياله في ساعة الملل. But he wrote this poem only in 1804 كتب هذه 1804 في عام فقط القصيدة

32 Figures of Speech Used in Daffodils The first line السطر األول األستعارات المستخدمة في النرجس I wander'd lonely as a cloud makes nice use of personification and simile يصنع تعبير لطيف للتجسيد والتشبيه The poet assumes himself to be a cloud (simile) floating in the sky the second line 'I' (poet as a cloud) يفترض الشاعر نفسه كالسحابة( تشبيه ( يتحرك في السماء. look down at the valleys and mountains and appreciate the daffodils; it's the personification, where an inanimate object (cloud) possesses the quality of a human enabling it to see the daffodils أنا شاعر كالسحابه أنا شاعر كالسحابة يطل على الوديان والجبال ويقدر النرجس هو تجسيد حيث كائن غير متحرك cloud) سحابة ( يمتلك صفة إنسان تمكن من رؤية النرجس is an exaggeration and a hyperbole, describing the scene of ten thousand daffodils, all together. مبالغة وغلو واصفا مشهد عشرة آالف نرجس كل ذلك معا الجناس هو تكرار أصوات مماثلة يتم تطبيق ل ' h ' للكلمة على حد تعبير تالل وعالية. السطر الثاني The line "Ten thousand saw I at a glance" عشرة آالف رأيت في لمحة السطر Alliteration is the repetition of similar sounds, is applied for the word 'h', in the words - high and hills.

33 Symbolism in the poem النسيم يجعل النرجس يرقص ويرفرف ويرمز إلى نشاط الشاعر اإلبداعي. الفرحة تقدمها النرجس مثل فرح وإنسجام يثبت في الطبيعة والتي تنتج عن تأثير تهدئة عقل اإلنسان رقص قلب الشاعر مع النرجس يدل على دوام الفرح التي تقدمها الطبيعة ومشاركة اإلنسان في هذا الفرح الرموز في القصيدة The breeze which makes the daffodils dance and flutter is symbolic of the poet s creative activity. The joy offered by the daffodils represents the joy, the harmony that abide in Nature and that can produce a tranquillizing effect on man s mind. The poet s heart dancing with the daffodils signifies the permanence of joy offered by Nature and the participation of human being in that joy.

34 Wordsworth (1804) THE RAINBOW الشاعر The Poet عنوان القصيدة The title of the poem قوس قزح My Heart Leaps Up قلبي يقفز عاليا also known as The Rainbow, is a poem by the British Romantic Poet William Wordsworth Noted for its simplicity of structure and language, it describes the joy that he feels when he sees a rainbow and notes that he has felt this way since his childhood He concludes the poem by noting how his childhood has shaped his current views and stating that "the child is father of the man والمعروفة أيضا ب قوس القزح, قصيدة ك تبت بواسطة شاعر بريطاني رومانسي ويليام وردزورث وأشار لبساطة البنية واللغة فهو يصف فرحه عندما يشعر ويرى القوس ويشير إلى أنه قد شعر بهذه الطريقة منذ طفولته. ويختم القصيدة بكيف أن طفولته شكلت رؤيته في الحاضر و ينص على ذلك " الطفل هو والد الرجل "

35 "My heart leaps up when I behold" باألعلى" قفز قلبي لمح "عندما In this very short poem consisting of only 9 lines, the speaker begins by declaring that he is moved by nature, and especially by nature's beauty: "My heart leaps up when I behold / A Rainbow in the sky " He goes on to say that he has always felt the impact of nature, even when he was an infant: "So was it when my life began; / So is it now I am a man. " The speaker is so certain of his connection with nature that he says it will be constant until he becomes an old man, or else he would rather die: "So be it when I shall grow old, / Or let me die "! In the next line he declares that children are superior to men because of their proximity to nature: "The Child is father of the Man. For this reason, he wishes to bind himself to his childhood self: "And I could wish my days to be / Bound each to each by natural piety في هذه القصيدة القصيرة جدا التي تتكون من 9 خطوط فقط بدأ المتحدث باإلعالن أن يتم النقل من قبل الطبيعة وخاصة من جمال الطبيعة: وأضاف " انه غني عن القول أنه يشعر دائما بتأثير الطبيعة حتى عندما كان طفال رضيعا: "يؤكد المتكلم إتصاله مع الطبيعة التي يقول انها ستكون ثابتة حتى يصبح شيخا وإال فإنه سوف يموت: في السطر التالي يعلن أن األطفال هم أفضل من الرجال بسبب قربهم من الطبيعة" :إن الطفل هو والد الرجل "لهذا السبب قال انه يرغب في ربط نفسه في تقرير مصير طفولته: Form الشكل Rhyme scheme abccabedd القافية مخطط abccabedd

36 Analysis تحليل The speaker explains his connection to nature, stating that it has been strong throughout his life. He even goes so far as to say that if he ever loses his connection he would prefer to die. The seventh line of the poem is the key line: "The Child is father of the Man. This line is often quoted because of its ability to express a complicated idea in so few words. The speaker believes that children are closer to heaven and God, and through God, nature, because they have recently come from the arms of God. The speaker understands the importance of staying connected to one's own childhood, stating: "I could wish my days to be / Bound each to each by natural piety." For Wordsworth, Nature was his main source of spiritual comfort and escape from all the cares of this world. His association with life giving and life sustaining Nature began even when he was only a child and remained with him till his death. يوضح المتحدث عالقته مع الطبيعة ويذكر أنها كانت قويه طوال حياته. ألبعد من ذلك يذهب بالقول انه إذا كان يفقد صلته أنه يفضل أن يموت. السطر السابع من القصيدة هو الخط الرئيسي" إن الطفل هو والد الرجل". The Child is father of the Man. كثيرا ما يستشهد بهذا الخط بسبب قدرته على التعبير عن فكرة معقدة لبضع الكلمات يعتقد المتكلم أن األطفال هم أقرب إلى السماء واإلله و من خالل اإلله والطبيعة ألنها قد تأتي مؤخرا من أحضان اإلله يدرك المتحدث أهمية البقاء على اتصال لمرحلة الطفولة معلنا " :أنا يمكن أن أرغب في أن تكون أيامي / منضم إلى كل من تقوى الطبيعة". لوردزورث كانت له الطبيعة كمصدر رئيسي للراحة الروحية والهروب من هموم كل هذا العالم بدأت عالقته مع عطاء الحياة وحياة طبيعة مستدامة حتى عندما كان طفال فقط وظلت معه حتى وفاته. In this short lyric, the 'rainbow' symbolizes the life sustaining and life nourishing goodness of Nature. في هذا الشعر الغنائي القصير 'القوس ' يرمز استمرار الحياة والخير لتغذية حياة الطبيعة. إلى

37 The sight of the beautiful rainbow which he saw when he was only a child is deeply etched in his memory and the same joy that he experienced when he saw it as a child continues to remain with him through his adulthood. He desires that this same childhood joy should continue to sustain him even in his old age. Wordsworth says that he would rather die than not being able to experience the same joy that he experienced when he saw the rainbow when he was a small boy after he becomes an old man The memory of the beautiful rainbow and its pleasant associations form the link between his childhood, adulthood and his old age: past, present and future Wordsworth concludes the poem by expressing the desire that each day of his existence to be linked with the next by beautiful and simple natural sights like the rainbow على مرأى من القوس الجميل التي رآه وكان ال يزال محفورا بعمق في ذاكرة الطفل و تعرض لنفس الفرحة عندما رأى الطفل وما زالت معه خالل مرحلة بلوغه. ويرغب أن فرحة الطفولة نفسها أن تستمر مواصلة للحفاظ عليه حتى في شيخوخته. يقول وردزورث انه يفضل الموت بعد أن أصبح شيخا لعدم قدرته على تجربة الفرحة التي عاشها عندما رأى القوس وذلك عندما كان صبي صغير. الذكريات الجميلة للقوس والرابطات اللطيفة تشكل صلة بين سن بلوغه وطفولته وشيخوخته : الماضي والحاضر والمستقبل. يختتم وردزورث قصيدته بالتعبير عن رغبته بأن تكون مرتبطة لوجوده مع المشاهد الطبيعية والبسيطة القادمة من خالل القوس. Wordsworth is overjoyed at nature, common theme in all of his work a الموضوع المشترك لجميع السعادة الغامرة للطبيعة أعمال وردزورث هو Wordsworth is happy enough to have kept his appreciation of nature and only wishes it will last him forever, in "natural piety." وردزورث سعيد بما فيه الكفاية إلبقاء تقديره للطبيعة و فقط يود لو تستمر له إلى األبد في "التقوى الطبيعية".

38 It is remarkable that many of Wordsworth s poems deal with the relationship of the child to the world, and consequently, with the relationship of the adult to the child, and through the child relationship of the adult to nature. Most simply this poem says that the poet is thrilled in his youth when he saw one; he will continue to be thrilled by a rainbow when he grows old; if it cannot be so then, he would prefer to be dead. "من المالحظ أن الكثير من قصائد وردزورث هي في التعامل مع عالقة الطفل للعالم ونتيجة لذلك العالقة بين الكبار للطفل و الطفل من خالل عالقته مع الكبار إلى الطبيعة. القول األكثر بساطة لهذه القصيدة أن الشاعر يشعر بسعادة غامرة في شبابه عندما رأى واحد وسيستمر بسعادة غامرة من القوس عندما يصبح كبيرا إذا كان ال يمكن أن يكون حتى ذلك الحين يفضل أن يكون ميتا نهاية المحاضرة الخامسة :

39 المحاضرة السادسة : Byron ( ) She Walks in Beauty الشاعر The Poet عنوان القصيدة The title of the poem تمشي في الجمال Type of Work and Year Written نوع العمل وسنه الكتابه She Walks in Beauty is a lyric poem centering on the extraordinary beauty of a young lady. George Gordon Byron (commonly known as Lord Byron) wrote the poem in 1814 and published it in a collection, Hebrew Melodies, in " تمشى في جمال "هي قصيدة غنائية تركز على الجمال الغير عادي لسيدة شابة كتب جورج غوردون بايرون ) المعروف باسم اللورد بايرون( القصيدة في عام 1814 ونشرت.في مجموعة ألحان عبرية في عام 1815 Theme الموضوع The theme of the poem is the woman's exceptional beauty, internal as well as external The first stanza praises her physical beauty. The second and third stanzas praise both her physical and spiritual, or intellectual, beauty. موضوع القصيدة هو إستثنائي لجمال المرأة الداخلي والخارجي. المقطع الشعري األول يشيد لجمالها الجسدي. المقطع الشعري الثاني والثالث مدح على حد سواء للجمال الجسماني والروحي أو الفكري

40 Commentary- of Lord Byron's-'She Walks in Beauty' - للورد يصف الشاعر إمرأة. التعليق تمشى بايرون" في جمال" The poet is describing a woman. He says: her beauty is like the beauty of a clear, starlit night. قال : الجمال واضح مثل جمال ليل مرصع بالنجوم It is a beauty that combines the most attractive elements of darkness and brightness. هو جمال يجمع بين العناصر جاذبية في الظالم والسطوع. األكثر It is a gentle, soft beauty like the beauty of night which is more tender than that of the day. It is a perfect beauty in which the darkness of her hair sets of the fairness of her face; a face which shows only the most serene, pure thoughts. A face which smiles and expresses the innocence of the heart and mind هو لطيف ناعم الجمال مثل جمال الليل الذي هو أكثر رقة من ذلك اليوم. هو جمال مثالي الذي ظالم شعرها مجموعه من إنصاف وجهها فقط يظهر الوجه األكثر هدوءا واألفكار نقية. يبتسم الوجه ويعبر عن براءة القلب والعقل. It is a matchless poem in which beauty takes on new dimensions قصيدة ال مثيل أبعادا جديدة. لها في جمال يأخذ Physical beauty is not everything. الجسدي الجمال ليس كل شيء. More important still is the beauty of the soul, mind and manners. األهم هو ما زال جمال الروح. والعقل واألخالق. This is perfection itself. نفسه. الكمال هذا هو A strange balance is struck between night and day, darkness and brightness, shades and rays, mind and body, etc. All these outline the image of perfect beauty. وتحقيق توازن غريب بين الليل والنهار والظالم والضياء والظالل واألشعة والعقل والجسم الخ كل هذه فكرة لصورة الجمال المثالي.

41 In the first stanza the lady is walking in beauty. She wears a dark dress. She is like the night when the sky is clear and the stars are twinkling. The stars here may be the jewels glittering on her dark dress; darkness and brightness, in an incredible balance, meet in her aspect ( the dress) and her eyes ( glittering like her jewels or the stars). The simile in line one is followed by the double alliteration in line 2 ( cloudless climes and starry skies). the lady s beauty is likened to that of a great portrait in which the rays and shades have been studied سيدة تمشي في الجمال. تلبس ثوب أسود. هي مثل الليل عندما تكون السماء صافية والنجوم تتألأل. النجوم هنا قد تكون المجوهرات الالمعة في ثوبها األسود الظالم والضوء, توازن ال يصدق, تجتمع في جانب )الثوب( وعيونها )تلمع مجوهراتها أو النجوم(.التشابه في السطر األول متبوع بجناس م ضاعف في السطر الثاني )المناخات الصافية مرصعة بالنجوم( جمال السيدة ر بط في صورة عظيمة التي هي األشعة والظالل د رست بعناية كثيرا في ذلك " ظل واحد األكثر, شعاع واحد أقل / لديها ضعف نعمة المجهولين أفكار حلوة تسير جنبا إلى جنب من جمال الجسد والعقل هنالك النعومة والهدوء والبالغة. جمال الحديث نفسه. اإلبتسامات الساحرة تكشف عن طيب القلب, وسالم العقل وبراءة الح ب في المقطع األول In the second stanza في المقطع الثاني In the third stanza في المقطع الثالث carefully so much so that one shade the more, one ray the less/ Had half impaired the nameless grace. Sweet thoughts go hand with purity of body and mind there is softness, calmness and eloquence. Beauty speaks for itself. The winning similes reveal goodness of heart, peace of the mind and innocence of love

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